Teenage Suicide - 2112 Words

Teenage Suicide: The Fallen Ones Introduction: Teenage suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death for young people between the ages of 15 and 19. I. Causes of teenage suicide a. Bullying b. Problems at home c. â€Å"heartbreak†/ low self-confidence II. Bullying a. Verbal b. Physical c. Internet III. Problems at home a. Divorce b. Grades dropping c. Acceptance IV. â€Å"Heartbreak†/ Low self-confidence a. Breakup b. Death in family c. Depression Sherrill 1 Jessica Sherrill Mrs. Lee English III 28 April, 2011 Teenage Suicide: The Fallen Ones Suicide is the act of taking one’s life. Suicide is a tragedy at any age. It is especially tragic when it happens to a teen. Teens that kill themselves miss out on many opportunities out in the world.†¦show more content†¦Instead of the regular sweet messages she got messages that read, â€Å"I dont know if I want to be friends with you anymore because Ive heard that you are not very nice to your friends. Everybody in OFallon knows who you are. You are a bad person and everybody hates you. Have a bad rest of your life. The world would be a better place without you.† Megan was found 20 minutes later in her bedroom. She hanged herself from her closet door. 6 weeks after the funeral, her parents discovered that ‘Josh’ never existed. It was a fake account made by the parents of the girl who lived down the street. This goes to show†¦you never know who you could really be talking to. Problems At Home Many teens always consider suicide when they have trouble at home. Whether it’s because of parents splitting up, grades dropping, or even feeling accepted, teens have a very hard time dealing. Divorce is usually the main cause of problems in the household. Some teens blame themselves and think it’s their fault their parents didn’t stay together. It’s always the same. If a teen’s grade drops, one might be scolded, and feel worthless. Acceptance is another big factor. Many teens that decide they are homosexual might be afraid of being accepted by Sherrill 3 their family. All these things contribute to making teens have low self-confidence about themselves and making them feel worthless. Unfortunately, they lean towards suicide. --Minden,Show MoreRelatedTeen Suicide And Teenage Suicide1371 Words   |  6 PagesGutierrez Concepcion Gutierrez-Yanez Mrs. Gallos English 3 Honors April 6, 2017 Teen Suicide Brandy Vela, an eighteen-year-old high school student, committed suicide right in front of her family. Due to all the bullying over her weight, and especially in social media, she pulled the trigger and ended her life. It is said that her sister had heard a noisy disturbance and when she went upstairs to her sister’s room, she found Vela holding a gun pointing at her chest. â€Å"She is just crying and cryingRead MoreTeenage Depression and Suicide1246 Words   |  5 Pagessomething else had seized control of my mind.† â€Å"The darkness was spreading inside me like a cancer.† — These descriptions are how Cait Irwin, who suffered from depression as a teenager, described it. Teenage depression is a common but serious illness that can ultimately send some on a downward spiral towards suicide that can be averted if recognized and given the proper treatment. Countless teenagers experience some type of depression in their lifetime, but what exactly is depression and just how commonRead More Teenage Suicide Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Suicide Each day 86 Americans take their own lives and another 1,500 attempts to do so. Even more disturbing is that suicide among a young people nation wide have increased dramatically in recent years. In fact thousands of teenagers each year commit suicide. It is the third leading cause of death among young adults aged 15-24. With the first two leading causes being unintentional injury and homicide. There are many reasons why teenagers feel the need to take their own life. They are atRead MoreTeenage Suicide On The Rise Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage Suicide on the Rise: In 2011, James Rodemeyer, a 14 year old junior high school student from Buffalo revealed his bisexuality via the World Wide Web. The weeks following Rodemeyer experienced taunting, name calling, assault and isolation from his peers. Even his close friends refused to sit with him at lunch. Later that year, James Rodemeyer committed suicide.This case is just one of many where an adolescent feels that their is no other solution than to end their life. It is estimated thatRead MoreEssay Teenage Suicide1191 Words   |  5 Pages Teenage suicide has become a critical, national problem the extent of which is mind boggling. From 1980 to 1992 the rate of suicides involving persons from the ages of 10-14 years old has increased by 120 percent, and has increased 28.3 percent when involving persons from the ages of 15-19 years old (Suicide 451). More recently in a poll of 3,210 high-school honor students, a stunning one-quarter have seriously considered suicide (Eaton 15). Suicides have been p roven to be one of the leading causesRead MoreTeen Suicide And Teenage Suicide1357 Words   |  6 Pagestake a more proactive step to prevent teen suicide by giving their students and staff more of an education. For example the Ontario Shores Mental Health Science wants schools to be more aware also; â€Å"Last week the Durham school boards announced a new curriculum to teach teachers about mental illness in youth, funded by the Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences in Whitby.† ( Scallan and Chantaie). A town in Ontario brought this issue of teen suicide up to the school board. The school boardRead MoreRisk Factors of Teenage Suicide1217 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage suicide is a major national public health concern facing America today. Thousands of teenagers commit suicide each year. Many experts believe that teenage suicide is often due to unpredictable circumstances and can be contributed to hormonal impulses. However, recent case findings and statistics p rove that this is not necessarily true. Although some teenage suicides may be the result of youthful and impulsive actions, certain risk factors, signs, and symptoms can contribute to self-inflictedRead MoreThe Factors And Effects Of Teenage Suicide1912 Words   |  8 PagesJanuary 6 2015 The factors and effects of teenage suicide as the result of bullying There has been an unfortunate increase in the news about teenagers killing themselves as a result of being bullied. With the increase of social media bullying is now easier and faster to do. Even if someone doesn’t live in the same area as their bully they can still be bullied and taunted. One of the reasons why teenage suicide has gone up with the increase of social media use is because bullyingRead MoreTeenage Suicide : A Devastating Event1509 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage Suicide When I was undergoing my journey through high school, there was a devastating event that affected the entire school from that point on; one of my fellow classmates had committed suicide. It was heart breaking to hear what had happened to someone at such a young age. A teenage boy drove to a spot in North Carolina where his dad had committed suicide just a few years ago. In that same exact place where his dad committed suicide, he decided to take his own life. According to WorldRead MoreTeenage Depression - Teen Suicide1399 Words   |  6 Pages Teen Suicide Over the past few years’ teenage depression has drastically increased due to multiple factors such as peer pressure and bullying. According to Linda Lamb’s article Young People Can Suffer From Depression, Too,† The suicide rate among teenagers [today] is about 10 per 100,000†. A handout from the Health and Human Services Department and National Institute of Mental Health stated,† in the last 25 years, the rate of suicide among teenagers and young adults has increased dramatically.†

Description Of The Firm And Its Industry ( Starbucks India )

Description of the firm and its industry (Starbucks India) Business Perspectives Starbucks Coffee Company, which is commonly known as Starbucks or Starbucks Corporation, is the dominant world-leading roaster as well as retailer of specialty coffee in the 21st century. Until now, it has over 20,000 stores in the world, which shows a huge number difference between Starbucks and the following competitor - Dunkin’ Donuts, which has just around 10,000 stores (Statista, 2014). The annual revenue of Starbucks skyrocketed in comparison with the last past decades in 2014, reaching around 16.45 billion profits U.S. dollars (Statista, 2014). Starbucks roasts its specialty Arabica coffee beans and retails a selection of beverage products, consisting of fresh brewed coffees, hot and cold espresso beverages, non-coffee blended beverages. In addition, it sells food items such as sandwich or muffin, along with beverage-related equipment. Starbucks main strategies for publicizing business depend on a combination with company-owned and licensed stores as well as joint ventu re to expand across the globe with its local partners. For the most part, Starbucks applies the same basic collection of products and customizes few additional products depending on customer’s preferences from different countries. The History of Starbucks Corporation Starbucks was established in Seattle’s Pike Place Market, in 1971, founded by Gordon Bowker, Jerry Baldwin and Zev Siegel as a retailer of specialtyShow MoreRelatedSituational Analysis of Starbucks13207 Words   |  53 PagesStrategic Analysis of Starbucks Leo Dela Rosa Strategic Management 4340 Dr. Uche Nwabueze 0. Executive Summary The entirety of the executive summary encompasses all of what is discussed on the Strategic Analysis of Starbucks. It is discussed and dissected into two distinct parts, the external and internal analysis. At first we discover the history of Starbucks and how influence grew into a huge success. Then, uponRead MoreStarbucks Is An American Global Coffee Company6909 Words   |  28 PagesStarbucks, as we see today was not there from the very beginning. Starbucks has the very humble start when three coffee fanatics, Gerald Baldwin, Gordon bowker , and Ziev siegl, - opened a small coffee shop in Seattle s pike place market. Starbucks Corporation is an American global coffee company and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington. Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 20,366 stores in 61 countries, including 13,123 in the United States, 1,299 in CanadaRead MoreExternal Environmental Analysis of Starbucks and the Coffee Industry20319 Words   |  82 PagesExternal Environmental Analysis of Starbucks and the Coffee Industry Harold Brown Strategic Management March 3, 2011 External Analysis of Starbucks 2 Contents 1.0.0. Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.0.0. Company History ................................................................................................................................ 8 2.1.0. Background ..............Read MoreStarbucks Case Analysis1914 Words   |  8 PagesCase Problem Analysis STARBUCKS BACKGROUND OF THE CASE Time Frame The case happened back in the 90’s where a lot of coffee shop is being operated in the business industry; one of this is the Starbucks a very well-known coffee shop nowadays. The Starbucks coffee maintained its clients or customers due of the new technique in marketing mix and to evaluate the kind of coffee and tea they were offered by the customers. The management also offered a promotional campaign byRead MoreCase Study on the Success and Decline of Starbucks in the Last 10 Years6976 Words   |  28 PagesCase study on the Success and Decline of Starbucks in the last 10 years QUALITATIVE ASSIGNMENT Case study on the Success and Decline of Starbucks in the last 10 years 1st October 2011 Read MoreCritique Of The Global Arena1583 Words   |  7 PagesAn Article Critique on Branding in the Global Arena: The Role of Culture Howard Schultz, the founder of Starbucks, puts it best when he stated: â€Å"If people believe they share values with a company, the will stay loyal to a brand† (Fifield, 2015, para. 8). The values Schultz refers too are defined as â€Å"the moral principles and beliefs or accepted standards of a person or social group† (Collins Dictionary Website, 2016, expression 5). In this qualitative study, â€Å"Branding in The Global Arena: The RoleRead MoreStarbucks vs Dunkin Donuts4794 Words   |  20 PagesTable of Contents: 1. Introduction 3 2. Industry Overview 3 3. Competitive Landscape 3 4. Industry Lifecycle 4 5. Industry Trends 5 6. Macro Environment Impact 6 7. Porter’s Five Forces 7 8. Starbucks Company Overview 9 9. Starbucks SWOT 11 10. Starbucks Balanced Scorecard 15 11. Dunkin Donuts Company Overview 15 12. Dunkin Donuts SWOT 16 13. Dunkin Donuts Balanced Scorecard 19 14. Conclusions 21 15Read MoreKeurig Green Mountain Essay4159 Words   |  17 Pages Christian Derderian Nick Fazzolari Miguel Jimenez Anastasia Zavgorodni Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Industry Economic and Value Chain Analysis A. Company Competitors B. Value Chain Analysis C. Firm’s Market Share D. Industry-wide Technological Developments E. Economic Analysis F. Firm’s Business Strategy III. Financial Analysis of the Firm A. Assess Short-term Liquidity B. Critique of Capital Structure and Long-term Solvency Issues C. Firm’s Asset Utilization D. Firm’sRead MoreKraft Food Inc1572 Words   |  7 PagesKraft background description Kraft is the largest branded food and beverage company in North America and the second largest in the world. It operates in more than 150 countries worldwide. Kraft Foods markets the worlds favorite food and beverage brands in five product sectors namely the snacks, beverages, cheese and dairy, grocery and convenient meals. Kraft also has 35 major brands with more than 100 years of remarkable achievements in products such as the Oscar Mayer meats, Maxwell House coffeeRead MoreKraft Food Inc Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesKraft background description Kraft is the largest branded food and beverage company in North America and the second largest in the world. It operates in more than 150 countries worldwide. Kraft Foods markets the worlds favorite food and beverage brands in five product sectors namely the snacks, beverages, cheese and dairy, grocery and convenient meals. Kraft also has 35 major brands with more than 100 years of remarkable achievements in products such as the Oscar Mayer meats, Maxwell House

Modern Music Industry free essay sample

Clan Is one of the most Influential hip hop groups of all time. With Its unique production style, Intense and Blvd lyrics and mainstream consumer appeal, Www-Tang was one of the artists that revolutionaries soul and transformed It Into the modern rap that we hear today. Without their influence a significant part of both African American culture, and American music would simply not exist.The Www-Tang are pioneers in their own right, and in this essay I intend to discuss the emergence of hip hop into modern mainstream culture using the Www-Tang as a case study. Hip hop is a cultural way of life divided into four main parts; rapping, decaying, breakfasting and graffiti. It usually features two elements, the producers backtrack which encompasses all instrumentation within the piece, and the rappers lyrics. The backtrack usually consists of a simple rhythmic pattern and melody, composed to accentuate the rapper.While the production Is very Important in a track, the rapper Is without a doubt the more Important of the two, providing a unique form of vocals fitting Into multicultural rhyme patterns wealth varying bar-length verses. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Music Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It originated In Southern Bronx, New York City In the mid sasss, taking Its Influences from funk, groove and African soul music to create essentially a fusion of genres. It is believed that Cool Here, a Jamaican DC living in the Bronx at the time, was the original creator of the concept, employing break beat into his shows.Breathtaking involves mixing between two songs instrumentals to extend them for as long as possible, while performing over the top of the track; a primitive form of modern rap. Other Dos expanded on this and developed scratching, a technique still commonly used today. Hip hop continued to develop into a relatively simple genre: usually a 4/4 beat with many samples rhymed over by a lyricist. It can be said, however that hip hop did not reach Its pinnacle until the early asss; the golden age of hip hop.Streetwise and ghetto groups Like N. W. A blazed the trail for the gangs rap movement In the late ass, a scene especially prevalent on the West Coast (particularly California). Violent, hardcore lyrics were a departure of the more soul-issue sounds listeners were used to, and the uniqueness of the style exploded commercially. With a large amount of merging West Coast talent (Snoop Dog, Dry. Deer, Outpace Shaker, Souls of Mischief etc. ) the focus was definitely on California, with New York not having found a signature sound to set it apart.Until 1993 Www tang successful albums/Solo careers Modern www tang/www tang in culture White audiences and www-tang White rappers In society Conclusion Modern Music Industry By Christiansen The Www-Tang Clan is one of the most influential hip hop groups of all time. With its unique production style, intense and vivid lyrics and mainstream consumer appeal, Www-Tang was one of the artists that revolutionaries soul and transformed it into the encompasses all instrumentation within the piece, and the rappers lyrics.The accentuate the rapper. While the production is very important in a track, the rapper is without a doubt the more important of the two, providing a unique form of vocals fitting into multicultural rhyme patterns within varying bar-length verses. It originated in Southern Bronx, New York City in the mid sasss, taking its inf luences reach its pinnacle until the early asss; the golden age of hip hop. Streetwise and ghetto groups like N. W. A blazed the trail for the gangs rap movement in the late White rappers in society

Steinbeck Model of Paradox and Dream Personal Essay free essay sample

It has the ability to give you the best feeling no one other thing can, yet it has the power to hurt you beyond compare to anything else. We claim love is blinding to those lucky enough to have it, but are we really blind? Can we really not see beyond love’s overwhelming nature, or do we choose to not see the bad because its potential to be such a wonderful thing outweighs its negative qualities and its faults? Once we fall victim to love and all it’s worth, an untamed fire is lit beneath the deepest layer of our hearts, burning brightly until greeted by the only conquerer of love- death. As we as victims of love believe, when the power of love overcomes the love of power, the world will know peace. We, as greedy, impatient people chase after love when we want it, yet we fail to realize we don’t find love, love finds us. We will write a custom essay sample on Steinbeck Model of Paradox and Dream: Personal Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We can choose who we hate, but we cannot control who we love. We love those who hurt us, but hurt those who love us. Victims of Love want to grasp onto love once they find it and never let it go, yet we learn that if you love someone, you have to set them free. We long to always be with those we love yet we are blind to see that distance makes the heart grow fonder. Because of this, we are left asking ‘what? ’. What is so addicting about love? Do we love imperfection, love to feel wanted, love the vision of love that ends with a happily ever after? It is often portrayed that you cannot love what you do not know, yet, according to Paul Valery, it would be impossible to love anything or anyone completely because love is directed towards what lies hidden in its presence. We, as living paradoxes, fear the unknown, yet we have a passion and curiosity to know what lies beyond our existing knowledge. We search for our perfect vision of love, and we are disappointed with our results. We fail to see that true love doesn’t come by finding a perfect person, but by finding an imperfect person and learning to love them perfectly. We question to why sometimes love fails, but we make no effort to see it was our fault because we have failed to love. We are slaves to pleasure and pain once we have it, and use love as a motivation to find it. We try to make sense of love and the feelings that overcome us and thus become incapable of feeling it. We foolishly live a life for love instead of a having a life with love. When we have love, we feel we do not need anything else and when we do not have it, we feel nothing else we have really matters. To have love is to have faith; those with little faith have little love and those with a lot of faith have a lot of love. We search for love with our thoughts and eyes and forget that love lies beyond what we see and think; it exists where we feel, it exists in our hearts. Love is a strange thing; it requires no inquisition, just acceptance. Love is an inevitable force of nature. We can choose to avoid it or choose to surrender to it, either way, it strikes back like lightening, unpredictable and irrefutable. Love does not come in favor of our own stipulations and conditions, hut it comes independently of our desires and wishes as does the moon, stars, and darkness of night with no regards to the day. Just as we may obtain the ability to control the time of night and day, we risk damaging a balance of laws without fully knowing the consequences of our intentions. In the same way, we practice elements of love, such as marriage or intercourse, yet we are left dismayed and puzzled, angered and suffering, questioning as to if our reason behind our insensible actions was truly love after all. We dream of a love inexplicable beyond words-one that proves without it, we are merely individuals limited to our ability of what we can do, but with it the boundaries are limitless with possibility at its fingertips. Our dream lies beyond not only understanding what love is, but also learning the ecret to keep its burning flame lit with passion and all the qualities that make for a perfect, successful expression of all that love is. We say we wish for a love without any pain, but how can we measure the power and endurance of that love if it only endures the easy road of life? What we truly, honestly long for is a love that shows its strength, surpassing even the most difficult obstacles and the harshest pain and coming out victorious, proving to us that in t he end, love does conquer all.

Top 5 Resources For Free Online Learning

Top 5 Resources For Free Online Learning Want to study but short of cash? Here are five of the best online education service providers to check out! If you’re feeling the itch to learn something new, but your financial affairs are encouraging you to calm the hell down, there is some good news coming your way – you can study for free online with many different providers. Great news! To make things easier for you, we’ve collected the top course providers in one place, all of which are affordable. You can track your progress, choose your own schedule, work to your own pace, and basically, enjoy a user-friendly experience which allows you to learn without heavy price tags. So here are our highlights: Coursera Service This particular website is great from the start because it is easy to use. Almost all the courses displayed on the website offer free access, and prices are related to graded work, of which there is financial aid available. The site is aimed towards learners who want to earn a grade but can’t afford to pay the sometimes high fees related to colleges. Advantages Basically, it’s the large number of courses on offer, with over 1200 displayed. There is also the option to head further into your subject if you choose, with the funding option for many people, What subjects are on offer? It’s impossible to list them all, but you can learn about power electronics, genetics and society, as just two examples. If you fancy earning your stripes in data science, you’re catered for, as well as many options for creative writing courses. Website: coursera.org EDX Service The website gets you excited because it highlights the advantages and fun of learning on its front page. The fact that many partners are also on board, such as the University of California, and Harvard University to name just two, is a real confidence booster. There are countless courses to choose from, and you can look at courses which are starting soon, ones currently underway, as well as the ones which are self-paced, e.g. you do it all at your own speed. Advantages We’ve outlined many already, but the big name is probably what sells it. There is also a large range of education levels on offer, including high school and XSeries, which means nobody misses out. This is a very accessible site for all. What subjects are on offer? Again, there are far too many to list, but subjects span across business and management, communication, economics and finance, architecture, arts and culture, to name just a few. English grammar and essay writing is a popular one. Website: edx.org Open University Service Everyone has heard of the Open University, and the big name gives you major confidence boosting, as well as the high level of customer service. Many employers see Open University courses as being as good as, if not better, than college courses, and there are also paid courses on offer, with financial aid options clearly displayed. The free courses are plentiful, with over 800 different subjects. Advantages The big name is probably the best advantage we can give, but the customer service on offer is another one – basically you are never on your own, even though you are studying on a distance basis. What subjects are on offer? Far too many to list yet again. Some of the most popular currently are essay and report writing skills, introduction to cyber security, and introduction to book-keeping and accounting. Website: open.edu Academic Earth Service This company believes that everyone deserves the chance to study and be educated, and was started up in 2009. Many of the world’s top colleges are featured, which again gives you confidence, and there are many courses to suit every possible interest, across many different levels. Advantages There is a large catalogue of providing colleges listed, so you know that what you’re studying has major clout. On top of this, the list of subjects is seemingly endless. What subjects are on offer? Subjects span many different topic areas, including accounting, management, business marketing, education, and psychology. Website: academicearth.org Open Education Database Service Our final choice gives away its service in the title – it is a database, and a great site to head for everything in one place, without having to trawl the internet for other providers. There are over 10,000 free online courses displayed across many large colleges and universities. Advantages Basically the ease of use, because everything is there for you. On top of this, you have confidence in knowing that accreditation is by large scale organisations. What subjects are on offer? As there are 10,000 shown, you will certainly find what you’re looking for. A few to suggest are Advanced Biology, and Advanced Chemistry, to name just two out of countless more in the same niche. Website: oedb.org

Womanist - Alice Walkers Term for Black Feminist

Womanist - Alice Walkers Term for Black Feminist A black feminist or feminist of color, according to Alice Walker, who first publicly used the term; someone who is committed to the wholeness and well-being of all of humanity, male and female.  Womanism identifies and  critically  analyzes  sexism, anti-black racism, and their intersection. Womanism  recognizes the beauty and strength of embodied black womanhood and seeks connections and solidarity  with black men. Womanism identifies and criticizes sexism in the African American community and racism in the feminist community. Origins Alice Walker introduced the word â€Å"womanist† into feminist parlance in her 1983 book In Search of Our Mothers Gardens: Womanist Prose. In the book, she cites the phrase â€Å"acting womanish,† which was said to a child who acted serious, courageous and grown-up rather than girlish. Many women of color in the 1970s had sought to expand the feminism of the Women’s Liberation Movement beyond its concern for the problems of white middle-class women. The adoption of womanist signified an inclusion of race and class issues in feminism. Alice Walker also used womanist to refer to a woman who loves other women, whether platonically or sexually. Walker used examples from history including educator and activist Anna Julia Cooper and abolitionist and womens rights activist Sojourner Truth. She also used examples from current activism and thought, including writers bell hooks and Audre Lorde, as examples of womanists. The term â€Å"womanist† is thus both an alternative to and an expansion of the term â€Å"feminist.† Womanist Theology Womanist theology centers the experience and perspective of black women in research, analysis, and reflection on theology and ethics.  The term arose in the 1980s as more African American women entered the theological field and questioned that white feminist and black male theologians spoke adequately to the particular experience of African American women. Womanist theology, like womanism in general, also looks at the ways in which black women are portrayed in inadequate or biased ways in the works of white women and black men. Quotes About Womanism Alice Walker: Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavendar. Angela Davis:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What can we learn from women like Gertrude Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday that we may not be able to learn from Ida B. Wells, Anna Julia Cooper, and Mary Church Terrell? If we were beginning to appreciate the blasphemies of fictionalized blues women- especially their outrageous politics of sexuality- and the knowledge that might be gleaned from their lives about the possibilities of transforming gender relations within black communities, perhaps we also could benefit from a look at the artistic contributions of the original blues women.† Audre Lorde: But the true feminist deals out of a lesbian consciousness whether or not she ever sleeps with women. Yvonne Aburrow:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The patriarchal/kyriarchal/hegemonic culture seeks to regulate and control the body- especially women’s bodies, and especially black women’s bodies- because women, especially black women, are constructed as the Other, the site of resistance to the kyriarchy. Because our existence provokes fear of the Other, fear of wildness, fear of sexuality, fear of letting go- our bodies and our hair (traditionally hair is a source of magical power) must be controlled, groomed, reduced, covered, suppressed.†Ã‚   Womanist Writings: A Selection bell hooks  Aint I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. 1981.Walker.  In Search of Our Mothers Gardens: Womanist Prose.  1983.Paula J. Giddings.  When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America.  1984.Angela Y. Davis.  Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday.  1998.Barbara Smith.  Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology.  1998.Nyasha Junior.  An Introduction to Womanist Biblical Interpretation. 2015.

THE LAW OF TORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

THE LAW OF TORT - Essay Example is any act, omission, establishment, business, condition of property, or anything else which: (a) Injures or endangers the health or safety of other; or (b) Annoys or offends the senses; or (c) Shocks, defies or disregards decency or morality; or (d) Obstructs or interferes with the free passage of any public highway or street, or any body of water; or (e) Hinders or impairs the use of property. The nature of nuisance is nuisance per se or at law or nuisance per accidens or in fact. The scope of a nuisance can be public, private or mixed. Nuisance per se (nuisance at law) is an act, occupation, or structure which is a nuisance at all times and under any circumstances, regardless of location or surroundings. Whereas, nuisance per accidens (nuisance in fact) is one that becomes a nuisance by reason of circumstances and surroundings. Public nuisances causes hurt, inconvenience, or injury to the public, generally, or to such part of the public as necessarily comes in contact to it. While a private nuisance is one which violates only private rights and produces damages to but one or a few people. The liability of the creator of the nuisance as a general rule is that he who creates a nuisance is liable for the resulting damages and ordinarily, his liability continues as long as the nuisance continues. It implies therefore that the person whose duty it is to abate a nuisance should answer for the consequences resulting from its continuance. No one is to be held liable for a nuisance which he cannot All persons who join or participate in the creation or maintenance of a nuisance are liable solidarily. The abatement of a nuisance does not preclude the right of any person injured to recover damages for the past existence. Lapse of time cannot legalize any nuisance, whether public or private. The creation and maintenance of a public nuisance is punishable criminally hence, the element of criminality, which characterizes the acts of creating the nuisance, should

IFSM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IFSM - Essay Example will consist a member from each of the departments in the company and a training on how to use and implement the IT programs should be facilitated by Carol and her team. The methodology for IT governance in the company should be through data sharing with all the relevant departments who consist of the governing body. The responsibilities of the governance body include inspection of data available through the IT systems, suggesting news ways or areas that need IT programs and ensure the program runs smoothly. Carol will need the support of each and every member of the governing body to ensure that the IT strategic plan works out as expected. The prioritization of the IT projects should be guided by market demands, customer retention and competition. Carol and her team should explore the new IT approaches used by their competitors and implement them in the company in a better way. Tracking should be the first IT project to be implemented, following by a Mobile APP that enables customers to pay for services at the comfort of their

Dollar General Corporation Essay Example for Free

Dollar General Corporation Essay Abstract Dollar General Corporation is United States largest small-box discount retailer headquartered in Goodlettsville, Tennessee [1]. Dollar General offers both name brand products and generic merchandise [2]. Its competitors include Family Dollar, Dollar Tree which also operate in deep discount segment of US retailing. The following case study discusses about the various political, economic, social and technological forces that Dollar General have faced and their impact on the company. The report also talks about the critical success factors of Dollar General. The report is concluded by summary of key learning’s from the case study. PEST Analysis for Dollar General Political: In the year of 2006, Janet Calvert, a former store manager, filed a complaint that she was paid less than the male storage managers because of her gender, in violation of the Equal Pay Act and title VII of Civil Rights act of 1964. There were other plaintiffs which were added to this case. This case resulted in Dollar General reaching a settlement in principle, by which it would pay $15.5 million to the plaintiffs and their legal charges costing around $3.25 million. The company was expected to receive reimbursement of $15.9 million from its Employment Practices Liability Insurance if these payments were approved by the court. This case did impact Dollar General Approach towards pay setting policies and procedures for new store managers [3]. Economic: During the recession period from 2007-2009, the customers of Dollar stores suffered from unemployment and lower purchasing power. And even the people from higher income brackets started purchasing the dollar store products fo r seeking larger bargains. This led to the increase in the customer traffic and larger sales for Dollar stores. Dollar general  captivated upon this scenario and continually reviewed its merchandise mix, and adjusted it accordingly. It expanded its offerings of consumable goods to serve customers’ needs and increased its sales [3]. Dollar General captured trade-down shoppers who came from middle and higher level of incomes (who generally had not shopped at dollar stores for all these years, but came during the recession to find bargains). Over the time the company adjusted its pricing strategy for items by pricing it from $1 to no more than $10. And managers of this company also believed that the company’s ability to attract customers of varying economic status depends on offering both national and store brands [3]. This way Dollar General was able to satisfy the customers of varying economic status, which resulted in more sales and profit for the company. Social: Consumer psychology during the recession period was to get the products at a lower price and the store to be available at a convenient distance (not too far). During this time Dollar General varied its price from $1 to no more than $10 and offered consumable goods at a very reasonable price. And it has also opened new stores within the reach of 3 to 5 miles, so that every customer is able to get easy access to their neighbourhood store [3]. This resulted in satisfying customer’s need as well as increasing company’s sales. Technology: During the year 2008 when the cost of the fuel increased, the Dollar General’s distribution costs went up and the company’s gross profit was affected. In order to mitigate this problem, the company completed the installation of a voice pick system by the year 2010 in all the distribution centres, so that the employees in the distribution centres can communicate with warehouse software systems by speech recognition [3]. This was a good strategic move by the company as its use is expected to increase rapidly over the next few years with evolving technological advancements. The company also installed new analytical and monitoring tools to assist with inventory shrinkage reduction efforts [3], which was a major part of company’s effort to increase gross margin. CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS’s for Dollar General In this case for instance, good leadership and management was a CSF for Dollar General. As we can see that, there was major expansion of business activities and stores with the entry of David Perdue (the company’s new  general manager) in the year 2003. In addition, the company through his leadership also initiated Project Alpha, which was based on extensive analysis of performance of each store and the company’s inventory management model. Few of the structural changes that company undergone during this project include shutting down over 400 underperforming stores and writing off old inventory. These strategic alignments have been the major part of company’s CSF, as it was able to focus more on most viable stores and new inventories which have led the company into high effectiveness in their business activities [4]. Moreover, the company specialized in low, middle and fixed income families as their major customers. This has been used as the company’s CS F, as this group forms the largest proportion in the market. Even though the purchasing power of this category is low when compared to the higher segments in U.S. but their huge population is a contributory factor for success of the company [4]. Dollar General Social responsibility Rick Dreiling, Chairman and CEO of Dollar General, explained the company’s commitment towards literacy through the Dollar General Literacy Foundation program. The company actively engages customers in a way: â€Å"At each and every cash register of a Dollar General store, customers get to learn about the Dollar General Literacy Foundation program through brochures with a postage-paid reply card that can be mailed in for a referral to a local organization that offers exclusively free literacy services. Further, they also have the opportunity to donate money to this worthy cause. In 2012, Dollar General Customers donated more than $10 million to directly benefit the Dollar General Literacy Foundation’s efforts in helping people learn how to read, speak English or get their General Education Diploma (GED) [5].† Key learning’s from the case From this case one can clearly understand that Dollar General played its cards right. When there was recession, the company retained its regular customers and attracted new customers by adjusting sales mix in order to drive more customer traffic and larger purchases. It expanded its stores by taking the advantage of weak real estate market to lower its operating costs for future years. Careful management of merchandise categories had allowed  Dollar General to increase its same-store sales. Private label brands during recession helped increase the growth of the company. These all strategic moves which were made under efficient leadership and management transformed the company into a leader in the dollar store retail sector with sales of more than $13 billion by 2011 [3]. References [1] Dollar General, Retrieved October 11 2014, http://www2.dollargeneral.com/About-Us/pages/Index.aspx [2] Dollar General, Retrieved October 11 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General [3] Parnell, John A. (2014). Strategic Management: Theory and Practice. 4th edition. SAGE Publications. [4] Dollar General Case Memo Marketing Essay, Retrieved October 11 2014, http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/dollar-general-case-memo-marketing-essay.php [5] Amway, GM, and Dollar General among corporations making ‘Good’ A Goal, Retrieved October 10 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2013/08/29/amway-gm-and-dollar-general-among-corporations-making-good-a-goal/2/

Story - Original Writing Essay -- Papers

Story - Original Writing He lay there, like the devil upon his very own torture rack. Scared and confused, unaware of what evil may be unleashed on to him .Despite being the one whose sinister hand, had hammered the nail of punishment in to the hearts of others through this exact routine. He couldn’t understand, how what he had created would bring him to his bloody demise; for a short moment he had selfish regrets for what he’d done , but a quick thought about the pain he’d caused to the innocent, vulnerable people, brought back his sadistic joy. Suddenly, a shrill piercing sound shot into his ear like a wailing banshee, warning of death. Jenny awoke from her sleepless slumber and, although aching throughout, managed to slowly put on her leather, chafing gown. She walked slowly towards where her clock lay, and realised something strangely disturbing. Her golden timepiece, carefully cherished for reasons kept only to herself, was turned to face the brick wall, covered in hideous yet intricately designed wallpaper. Jenny, being her philosophical self, pondered over this fault, being up all night, she knew she hadn’t altered the positioning of the clock, and as she lived on her own, no resident of the house could have interfered. She didn’t want to think about this matter any longer, and , too scared even to touch the clock, Jenny just left it and began to walk down her, sometimes mesmerizing spiral staircase. Each lift of her foot followed with a creak as she descended the steps, she took another step and felt a sharp stabbing pain in her left foot. Jenny slowly looked down, and saw that she had stood on her beloved clock - stil... ...abody still drove on. He stopped the car in the middle of a road, got out and went up to the door of 45 ashdown street – opened it as if knowing it would be open and uninhabited. He saw blood all over the carpet, and smeared along the wall, his heart then stopped, he felt a pain as if being stabbed by his perished sister. Daniel saw his mothers clock, on the staircase, with glass shattered everywhere, and blood staining the gold. This to him was the worst thing that could possibly happen, he walked over to the clock, fell to his knees and cried â€Å"My mothers soul is now gone, it is time for me to go with her.† He grasped the clock in both hands and smashed it over his head, then bathed in the glass. â€Å"Marcus dean, you are responsible for this, you led me to corruption, you made me feel like I was to blame. And now, I am.† Story - Original Writing Essay -- Papers Story - Original Writing He lay there, like the devil upon his very own torture rack. Scared and confused, unaware of what evil may be unleashed on to him .Despite being the one whose sinister hand, had hammered the nail of punishment in to the hearts of others through this exact routine. He couldn’t understand, how what he had created would bring him to his bloody demise; for a short moment he had selfish regrets for what he’d done , but a quick thought about the pain he’d caused to the innocent, vulnerable people, brought back his sadistic joy. Suddenly, a shrill piercing sound shot into his ear like a wailing banshee, warning of death. Jenny awoke from her sleepless slumber and, although aching throughout, managed to slowly put on her leather, chafing gown. She walked slowly towards where her clock lay, and realised something strangely disturbing. Her golden timepiece, carefully cherished for reasons kept only to herself, was turned to face the brick wall, covered in hideous yet intricately designed wallpaper. Jenny, being her philosophical self, pondered over this fault, being up all night, she knew she hadn’t altered the positioning of the clock, and as she lived on her own, no resident of the house could have interfered. She didn’t want to think about this matter any longer, and , too scared even to touch the clock, Jenny just left it and began to walk down her, sometimes mesmerizing spiral staircase. Each lift of her foot followed with a creak as she descended the steps, she took another step and felt a sharp stabbing pain in her left foot. Jenny slowly looked down, and saw that she had stood on her beloved clock - stil... ...abody still drove on. He stopped the car in the middle of a road, got out and went up to the door of 45 ashdown street – opened it as if knowing it would be open and uninhabited. He saw blood all over the carpet, and smeared along the wall, his heart then stopped, he felt a pain as if being stabbed by his perished sister. Daniel saw his mothers clock, on the staircase, with glass shattered everywhere, and blood staining the gold. This to him was the worst thing that could possibly happen, he walked over to the clock, fell to his knees and cried â€Å"My mothers soul is now gone, it is time for me to go with her.† He grasped the clock in both hands and smashed it over his head, then bathed in the glass. â€Å"Marcus dean, you are responsible for this, you led me to corruption, you made me feel like I was to blame. And now, I am.†

Manage Domiciliary Services Essay

As a healthcare provider we have to ensure we have the correct amount of staff as well as staff with the right skill set and qualifications on shift which meets the needs of the people we are supporting. We do this by implementing standards from the beginning which includes the recruitment process. Our recruitment is robust but is constantly changing to ensure potential new staff are people that is right to be in healthcare, someone can fail at any time of the recruitment process. Our recruitment process includes: 1. Telephone Interview 2. Face to face Interview 3. 2 Day mandatory Training 4. Induction and final interview 5. 12 weeks probation Indicators that a potential new member of staff can fail in our recruitment process: a. Not understanding the importance for a client to maintain their independence b. Not understanding the importance for a client’s dignity and respect c. Not understanding the importance of working over a 7 day period d. Not participating in activities in mandatory training e. Not completing the Common Induction Standards f. Not completing courses in the 12 week probation period g. Not meeting the levels of reliability set out All members of staff that do not have a NVQ 2 when starting with E-Spire Healthcare must complete the Common Induction Standards within the first 12 weeks of commencing work with the company, after this period they can then proceed with NVQ level 2, which is encouraged, we rely on our local college to provide this support. When a new member of staff starts with E-Spire Healthcare they must first complete induction and shadow shifts without senior staff, only once the senior member of staff has signed them off as competent will they commence their shifts with our clients. This way our senior is able to introduce the new member of staff to our clients but they also have a complete understanding of our client’s needs and what support they require. Depending on the complexity of our client’s needs will depend  on which member of staff works with our clients, for instance somebody who has mental health issues will not be asked to complete shifts with that particular client until they have completed the relevant training courses and completed shadow shifts and been signed off by the senior member of staff. There is no maximum number of shadow shifts that a new member of staff needs to complete, this will depend on the individual member of staff, their past work history, qualifications. Myself or the senior member of staff would of completed the necessary paperwork before the commencement of the package including the care plan the client’s needs, support, risk assessments, medication, and emotional support plans, this way we already have an idea of what type of member of staff will work well with each particular client, as I feel this is a two way process the client and the Support Worker must be able to work together so the client can be motivated to keep their independence but also the Support Worker to enjoy working with each individual client and know they are supporting in the correct way and making a difference in their day to day lives. We also at the paperwork stage will know how many members of staff are required for each shift. Consistency of care is an extremely important factor for us, not only for the client but also the support worker: For the client: 1. They will get to know the member of staff 2. They will be able to open up to them if they have any certain problems 3. They will know that the member of staff understands their needs 4. They will know that they won’t have to keep explaining how they like specific tasks like to be completed 5. There will be trust between the client and member of staff 6. Personal care tasks will hopefully not be seen as daunting as the same person is with them 7. Trust when it comes to supporting people with their medication For the Support Worker: 1. They will get to know the individual client 2. Will understand how they like tasks to be completed 3. They are confident with how to support individual clients 4. They understand what motivates each individual client And many more reasons. Each individual client has a series of risk assessments completed for the  commencement of support package. This will include, medication, mobility, feeding, personal care as well as the immediate environment that the support worker will be working in. Depending on the individual client will determine how many members of staff will be required. This can depend on their mobility, their mental health, support in the community. If we feel that a package requires a different amount of staff to what is stated from for instance the social worker, we will go back to them and state our findings, but a package will not start until we have the correct amount of staff on each shift, as we need to keep both the client and our staff safe from injury and harm as well as the community too. I have a completed risk assessment attached with this document all personal details have been removed. E-Spire Health care have clear recruitment guidelines in place which all office staff know and understand a nd all abide by. No member of staff can commence with any shadow and induction shifts until we have on file: 1. Phone Interview 2. Face to Face Interview 3. 2 Day Mandatory Training 4. Induction and Final Interview 5. DBS 6. 2 references 7. Staff Members folder signed off by either myself or the director Carl Boulton. We have a excel document which is kept up to date of any potential member of staff that has approached E-Spire Healthcare this way we can ensure that we are not bringing anybody on board that has already tried to get through the recruitment process already. We also have a flow chart so we can refer back at any time if we are ensure of the process. Within healthcare we are supporting clients within their homes or a residential setting, so our staffs reliability and time keeping is essential, however with this said we will always occur a percentage of lateness and sickness, although we do have a procedure to monitor this and we will speak to any member of staff that does not hit the E-Spire targets ( separate occasions of illness within a 6 week period and also the same for lateness), as a company we do need to be prepared for the unexpected and people can fall ill at any time, this is why we have senior staff that their day to day roles  are shadow and inductions, reviews but to also pick up shifts at any time, we also have a deputy manager who also is able to go out and do shifts at any time. If need be there is also myself to go out to do shifts, but the same procedure applies to us too we must of completed shadow shifts with each client we will be going to, this is why shadow shifts and inductions are so important. Every client is an individual and their needs can change at any time, this can include cancelling shifts due to unforeseen circumstances such as going to hospital, doctor’s appointments, holidays, day trips out. It is our job to ensure that they are able to participate in any activity they need to. Hospital admission for instance is we will keep their shift slot open until they are able to come home, I know how important it is that when someone is able to come home, that they just want to come home, I do not want to be the reason why they are not able to come home, again this is a reason why we have senior staff available this way we can support clients with their task that is important to them. At E-Spire Healthcare and more importantly for myself I don’t want to meet CQC guidelines I want to exceed them, I am not in care to just give everyone the basic needs, I want to be able to provide support for people that is going to enhance their lives, maintain their independence, be emotionally supportive, and support them with the tasks that they need support with. Everything I do I also ask the same question â€Å"is this the type of support that is exceeds my expectations for my parents?† we monitor this by reviewing our clients care plans, speaking to them to see if they have any comments or complaints, asking them to complete questionnaires, which allows us to compile reports to see as a company where we can improve, because I feel we can always improve, if you’re not improving you’re not listening to people. We also complete a 12 week supervision for new members of staff, this goes towards their probationary period, this is a two way meeting with myself and the member of staff to both discuss the progress of the member of staff, it also gives the member of staff to give their opinion on subjects such as training, the clients their progress their needs. It is a document that will remain in each individual’s folder and it is a document that we are both able to refer back to, it includes: The member of staff role and responsibilities How the member of staff is meeting the company’s objectives and targets Any other training the member of staff feels they need to do Any problems the member of staff may have.  We then complete a target list of training and objectives for the member of staff to complete in the next 6 months, the next supervision would then not be with me as if the member of staff had an issue with myself they would then have the chance to discuss this with another member of staff. I feel this is a fair way to conduct supervisions, as the member of staff may feel more comfortable speaking to another member of the office team, but this way we are still able to improve for everyone. I am so the trainer for E-Spire healthcare but we also use other companies that are open to us which includes: 1. Local Colleges 2. Local District Nurses 3. The local authority I have attached my mandatory training course topics which indicates what is covered over the two days. To prepare myself for the training course I use a multitude of sources which are available to me, so I am fully informed so my information is up to date and informs and skills each individual member of staff so they have the knowledge to be practicable and skilful within their job role. I use: 1. British Red Cross 2. Trainer Courses (completed moving and handling and medication training) 3. CQC 4. Shropshire County Council 5. HSE Website 6. Food.gov.uk 7. You Tube 8. Speaking to clients 9. Personal experiences 10. Fire safe 11. Old Newspaper articles 12. SPIC 13. UK National Statistics

Symbolism in Master Harold and the Boys

Because Hally’s father is an alcoholic cripple, Sam takes it upon himself to be a better role model in Hally’s life, which is why the kite is a sign of Sam’s fatherly love for Hally and a lesson to Hally to not judge people that are different.The kite is a clear symbol of Sam’s love for Hally. As a little boy, Hally did not have someone he could look up to because he was ashamed of his father’s behavior. Sam took pity on him and decided to be a good example for Hally. Sam made the kite because he loved Hally and he wanted Hally to have something that he could be proud of. When thinking back to that day, Hally said, â€Å"I was so proud of us! It was the most splendid thing I had ever seen.† Now that Hally is grown, Sam still tries to be a good father figure but he failed to help Hally because Hally is still a rude, judgmental, and racist boy. Sam tries at one final attempt to save Hally when he says, â€Å"Should we try again, Hally? †¦ Fly another kite, I suppose. It worked once, and this time I need it as much as you do.† Even though Hally became a terrible person, Sam never gave up on him because Hally was a son to him.The kite also represents Sam’s lesson to Hally to not judge people, even though that lesson clearly did not pass through Hally’s thick skull. Hally’s first thoughts about Sam making a kite were, â€Å"the sheer audacity of it took my breath away. I mean, seriously, what the hell does a black man know about flying a kite? †¦ I had no hopes for it† and â€Å"Can you remember what the poor thing looked like? †¦ Hell no, that was now only asking for a miracle to happen.† But despite its appearance, Hally said, â€Å"I still can’t believe my eyes†¦ the miracle happened†¦Ã¢â‚¬  when it proved itself by flying high in the wind. Obviously Sam failed once again to make Hally a decent human being, because Hally still proves to be judgmen tal and now very racist as a teenager.

Whether cognitive dissonance plays a role in the elections and the voting process

Whether cognitive dissonance plays a role in the elections and the voting process The question of the article is whether cognitive dissonance plays a role in the elections and the voting process. Cognitive dissonance supposes that people who have chosen a specific behavior will align their attitudes according to such behavior. In case the behavior is realized to be unwanted or negative later, the individual will be even more inclined to repeat the behavior and support it by changing their attitude to fit that behavior.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Whether cognitive dissonance plays a role in the elections and the voting process? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is an important issue because it greatly affects the results of the election and the way people view themselves and the government. If people chose leaders only due to a misplaced feeling of self worth or importance of their own comfort and self respect, than the leaders chosen do not really reflect the qualities of morality and ju stice. This means that people select leaders out of lowered feelings of own opinions and thus, the whole system becomes pointless. The framework that is used to study the problem is the statistical method that will compare people who are eligible to vote, versus those who are not yet of age, thus do not vote. The outcome of the future elections and preferences are predicted to be affected by the previous selection of the candidate. Specific aspects of individuals are examined, more particularly age, previous knowledge of the candidate and general political education, as well as interest in government and economical state of the country. Preferential views of the members of the same party are also taken into account. This sort of research model is advantageous, as it addresses issues that were given little attention in the past. Also, the age of voting has been changed and this added a large amount of population to the voting process. The authors also address the voting by other raci al groups and this issue has become a significant determinant. Placebo technique was used in the study to determine the effecting variables and biases of the study. Data that used was taken from the statistics of previous voting processes. Voting numbers from 1978 until year 2000 are being analyzed, to determine any patterns or irregularities. The National Election Study or NES is being used to determine people’s political attitudes, behaviors and general views towards politicians, governmental institutions and elections in general. There were also interviews conducted that included personal questions. As the opinions of individuals greatly vary, NES allows for a more specific determination of opinions towards certain politicians. The dependent variable was the amount of individual feeling people had towards the president. A number of personal characteristics of the leader that people expect to see were also included, to give a better picture of what the public views as impor tant qualities of a politician.Advertising Looking for report on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The tables used in the study show the relationship between different social classes and races. Marital status, education, place of residence, age, race and preference to a specific political party were considered to show the statistical difference between people’s beliefs and behaviors. Also, variables were compared according to presidential elections and senatorial ones. The results have shown that there is a positive correlation between previous voting and future selection of the candidate. Even though there are limitations and variables that cannot be fully controlled, there is dependency which leads to polarization. Further studies and testing are needed to increase the reliability of such studies.

WEBER Surname Meaning and Family History

WEBER Surname Meaning and Family History Weber is an occupational surname given to one skilled in the ancient craft of weaving, from the from the Middle High German word wà «ber,  a derivative of weben, meaning to weave.  The Weber surname is sometimes Anglicized as Webber or Weaver. Weber is the 6th most common German surname. It is also frequently found as a  Czech, Hungarian, Polish or  Slovenian surname.  WEBB and  WEAVER are English variants of the name. Surname Origin: German Alternate Surname Spellings:  WEEBER, WEBBER, WEBERE, WEBERER, WAEBER, WEYBER, WEBERN, VON WEBER, VON WEBBER Famous People with the WEBER  Surname Max Weber  -  19th-century German sociologist and one of the founders of modern sociologyCarl Maria von Webber -  German composer, conductor, pianist and  guitaristConstanze Weber - wife of Wolfgang Amadeus MozartAlfred Weber - German economist, geographer and sociologistJohn Henry Weber - American fur trader and explorerJoseph Weber - American physicistLudwig Weber -  German Protestant pastor and social reformer- German-born physician, best known for first describing the brain condition which carries his name (Webers syndrome) Where is the WEBER Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from Forebears, WEBER is the 3rd most common surname in Germany. It is also very common in Switzerland, where it ranks 7th, and Austria, where it is the 19th most prevalent last name. While Weber is common throughout Germany, WorldNames PublicProfiler indicates it is most frequent in southwestern Germany, in the regions of Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland and Hessen. Weber is also a very common surname in Gussing, Austria.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname WEBER Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames. Weber  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Weber  family crest or coat of arms for the Weber surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Weber Y-Chromosome DNA  Surname ProjectWEBERs from all over the world are participating in this group DNA project in an attempt to learn more about Weber family origins. The website includes information on the project, the research done to date, and instructions on how to participate. WEBER  Family Genealogy ForumFree message board is focused on descendants of Weber  ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - WEBER  GenealogyExplore over 5 million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Weber  surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. WEBER  Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Weber  surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - WEBER  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Weber. GeneaNet - Weber  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Weber  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Weber Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Weber  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Current Trends in the Tobacco Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Current Trends in the Tobacco Industry - Essay Example Due to this threat, the customer base is decreasing and hence several steps are being taken by cigarette manufacturers to alleviate the harm. Another trend is the need for portraying a socially responsible picture for the consumers. The use of technology in customer identifications and analysis is becoming popular while using IT in the operations to manage the organizations better is another trend that is been seen more often. British American Tobacco is the most globalization brand in the world. The brand has millions of diverse customers across the globe, with access to over 180 markets globally, and makes the best quality tobacco products. The brand commits its customers to always be indulged in principles of corporate social responsibility, a practice kept running through out the group. Known brands include Pall Mall, Dunhill, Lucky Strike, and Kent (http://www.bat.com/) However, the global politics is not the same as the local one, rather absolute differential, therefore, extra care needs to be taken since British American Tobacco mainly exports to some 180+ countries SW presents the internal scenario of the organization, matched against the existing or anticipated external OT provides a plan for the future course of action. Following is a pictorial representation of the same: Cigarette is an ad... Social Society has generally never viewed smoking as a good habit, and therefore, many movements have been created all over the world against smoking, yet all in vain. Economic With huge scale exports, economy is strengthened by the organization, and also needs support from the same to keep the wheel moving. Technology Technological advancements need to be adopted by the organization, particularly the integration part. British American Tobacco currently has many systems deployed but working independently. Technological advancements have led to integrated and dependent systems to make lesser duplications possible, and provide more efficiency. SWOT Analysis SW presents the internal scenario of the organization, matched against the existing or anticipated external OT provides a plan for the future course of action. Following is a pictorial representation of the same: Strengths - Independence from single importer-monopoly - Brand loyalty and associated good will - Tremendous market segmentation Weaknesses - Lack of regional market knowledge - Unpredictability of Importers - Very less presence in the local market - Lack of internal process integration (Source:http://www.smartdraw.com/examples/content/Examples/SmartDraw/Marketing_Charts/SWOT_Analysis_Diagrams/SWOT_Example_-_4_L.jpg) Opportunities - Expanding local market pie share - Cushion in loyalty development of importers - Addictive nature of cigarettes Threats - Global instability of the duty regulations - Smuggling, particularly in Asian markets - Anti-Tobacco Stance of the Society Porter's 5 Forces Customers Cigarette is an additive product and that is a favourable point for the company as far its sales are

US Foreign Policy against Terrorism and How Did This Policy Affect US Essay

US Foreign Policy against Terrorism and How Did This Policy Affect US Relation with Saudi Arabia - Essay Example In the background of the US domestic along with foreign policy, the new buzzword i.e. terrorism is regarded as a new threat, affecting the economy and the overall financial performance of the nation to a significant extent. It can be apparently observed that there prevails a rampant debate amid various scholars and politicians concerning what actually terrorism means. Theoretically, terrorism is fundamentally described as the unlawful executions of violence perform by an individual or a group. After acquiring a brief idea about the buzzword of terrorism, it can be affirmed from a broader outlook that this buzzword is not always restricted towards performing violent activities rather it entails threat of violence. The terrorism related victims are often described as non-combatants or civilians1. While determining the US foreign policy, one can find the aspect of terrorism to be rampantly addressed. It can be stated that the significant concern of international terrorism has long been witnessed as a domestic along with a foreign based security threat. It is worth mentioning that the execution of fatal events relating to September 11th in the US have noticeably re-energised the focus of the US government towards adopting effective policies for combating terrorism. ... With this concern, this essay intends to discuss about the foreign policy of the US against terrorism. Moreover, the essay also highlights how this policy has affected the relation of the US with one of the nations belonging to the Middle East i.e. Saudi Arabia. A Background of the US Foreign Policy against Terrorism With regard to analyse the US foreign policy against terrorism, it can be apparently observed that the past administrations of the US have intended towards adopting along with implementing broad assortment of effective measures in order to combat against various crucial concerns. These concerns comprise international terrorism, global cooperation, diplomacy, financial sanctions, military force, covert action and defensive security measures among others. During that particular time period, the application of sanctions was viewed to be one of the tools, which had been executed by the US policy makers for combating against terrorism. The organisations that were supporting t he aspect of international terrorism were forbidden from availing any kind of support from the US military forces. In general, the anti-terrorism policy of the US from 1970s to the mid period of 1990s focussed upon punishing and deterring particularly the state sponsors, as they countered to terrorist groups themselves. It is worth mentioning in this similar concern that the formation of the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 had made a significant shift in the aforesaid policy. The policy shift was mainly performed by the abovementioned Act in terms of banning the funding, granting visas along with other related material support to Foreign Terrorist

Violence on Television Increases Violence in Children Essay

Violence on Television Increases Violence in Children - Essay Example All these shootings and other violence by children and teenagers have opened a public debate concerning various issues. Some blamed the easy availability of weapons for the shootings while some focused on the problems of bullying and peer abuse in American High schools as the reason behind this violence. However, there were some researchers who looked beyond the obvious and pinpointed the media behind the increase in violence. In this paper, we shall debate on the controversial issue that violence on television increases the violence in children and teenagers and stand by it. According to a research, children in America watch four hours of television daily on an average which implies that television has a powerful influence in developing value systems and shaping behavior. But sadly, most of the programs broadcasted on television are violent nowadays. From the daytime talk shows, most of which are portrayed by unashamed emotional, psychosomatic, and corporeal exploitation by jury gue sts towards each other, to the prime time shows and the WCW (World Champion Wrestling), all these programs proliferate excessive violence and aggressiveness. Most of these programs are watched by a growing number of young children and adolescents who view them along with their parents. As the matter of fact, violence forms the key constituent of the Network news too, as most of it is plagued with explicit renderings of murders, traffic mishaps, kidnappings, international war scenes, and the like. The story is the same everywhere; the good people slaughter the bad people, most often with an arsenal of weapons that has become a humdrum possession for today's T.V. characters (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry [AACAP] n.pag.). This starts the debate that whether these television programs really affect our children or not. Various studies done to evaluate the impact of T.V. violence on children and teenagers have revealed that children are affected in different ways by these shows. They may become immune or dumb to the horror of violence, or gradually accept violence as the means to sort out problems, or try to imitate the violence shown on television, and identify with certain characters, victims and/or victimizers. Children who become violent watching such T.V. programs will show a range of behaviors including explosive temper tantrums, threats, bullying, aggressiveness, armed assault, and harm to animals and peer groups. In fact, a research done by psychologists L. Rowell Huesmann, Leonard Eron and others also revealed those children who watch long hours of brutal programs during elementary school level tend to show higher level of aggressive behavior when they become teens. They further found that eight years old children, who watch too much of television, are mostly the ones who get prosecuted for criminal behavior as adults (American Psychological Association [APA] n.pag.). Additionally, many children who are overexposed to violence, and spe cially, to pragmatic violence start judging the society as one which is, by and large, hazardous and perilous. This misjudgment makes them fearful towards life as they start considering themselves future victims of violence (AACAP n.pag.). However, researcher David Buckingham stated that â€Å"one may well discover that children who are violent watch a lot of television violence, but this does not prove that violent television causes real-life violence†

History of the concept of creativity

History of the concept of creativity History of the concept of creativity In spite of its current popularity, the concept of creativity, i.e. its name, is a recent notion that, nevertheless, went through a number of development stages and metamorphoses caused by the changes in the way the concept of creativity was perceived by societies at various stages of development. The process is not finished yet. Sometime in the future the general concept of creativity will hopefully be converted into a specialized concept, i. e. its regularities will be enumerated while its particularities linking it currently to a culture or a subculture will be eliminated. In the following text, the evolution of the concept of creativity throughout history is reviewed briefly, with the focus on important milestones and personalities. The milestones are arranged in a temporal sequence, whereas outstanding personalities are quoted where necessary, rather than presented in a strict temporal sequence. It is intuitively easy to accept the thesis that creative acts have been around as long as the homo sapiens, the humanoids and, indeed, living organisms. The concept of creativity appeared much later, and came forth very gradually. On the long way to establishing it, many intermediate new terms were generated, some of which have been used for centuries, in exceptional cases until our time. They help us understand more easily what creativity is and how it interacts with other operations in the intellectual sphere. Theoretical views of creativity follow the development of human culture and thought. Therefore, the concept of creativity is a component of the history of the human thought to the same extent as any other intellectual manifestation (Briffault, 1928). Much of the historical developments as accounted for in the following review are based on Tatarkiewiczs book (1980), Dictionnaire philosophique, and the following references: Verma (1969), Lindberg (1976), Abdus Salam (1984), Agar (2001), Ahmad (2002), Steffens (2006), Covington (2007), Roshdi (2007), and Medieval Classic civilization; An Encyclopaedia. Prehistoric times Remarkable and very advanced objects testifying to human creative genius are known from the art history. They originate from many parts of the world and from many different cultures and epochs. Perhaps the foremost examples of the earliest manifestations of creativity are various objects produced by the Australian Aborigines. The Aborigines are presumed to have moved to Australia from India some 50 000 years ago. Their most puzzling creative product is the boomerang for them hunting tool, for us an enigmatic object of scientific studies. Other important manifestation of human creative act and thought originates from Egypt and Mexico. These countries distinguish themselves not only by very advanced ability to produce objects, but also by the scientific (most often astronomic) knowledge embedded in these products. The pyramids of Egypt and those of Mexico, Guatemala, or Belize, the Mayan calendar, and the way of using mathematics in Egypt and in Mexico, are absolutely amazing even today. The Mayan astronomers had developed a spatial geometry parting from astronomy. The mathematics they used is still more accurate than the computational algorithms that make the flow of data in modern information networks possible (Ferrera-Balanquet, 2009). Another cultural area of great importance extends in Asia, particularly in the area comprising the present day Iraq, Iran, India, Sri Lanka and Cambodia. Buildings, materials and various concepts of physics embedded in the buildings testify to the high level of knowledge these peoples possessed thousands of years ago. In China and Japan, too, creativity enhanced knowledge in a manner that after thousands of years is still admired. India stands, as usual, apart in that it knew creativity as â€Å"insight† since times immemorial. For instance, in the extinct Pali language the word vipassanÄ  consists of the Sanskrit prefix â€Å"vi-â€Å" and the verbal root à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡paņº. It is often translated as †insight† or â€Å"clear-seeing,† One should not be misled by the â€Å"in-â€Å" prefix in â€Å"insight†.. â€Å"Vi† in ancient Aryan languages is equivalent to the Latin â€Å"dis-†. It is reasonable to conclude that in the word vipassanÄ  the prefix â€Å"vi-† generates the meaning â€Å"to see apart†, or discern. Alternatively, the â€Å"vi† can function as an intensifier. In that case vipassanÄ  may mean â€Å"seeing deeply†. A pali synonym for â€Å"VipassanÄ Ã¢â‚¬  is paccakkha, menaing â€Å"before the eyes,† which refers to direct experiential perception. Thus, the type of seeing denoted by â€Å"vipassanÄ Ã¢â‚¬  is that of direct perception and experience, as opposed to knowledge derived from reasoning or argument. It has also been adopted as the name of a kind of Buddhist meditation. Ancient Greece The people of Ancient Greece had no terms corresponding to â€Å"creativity† or â€Å"creator†. Yet, the poet was considered to be one who creates. Whatever was â€Å"creative† in the present sense of the word, was called art. The concept of art (in Greek  Ã…  Ã‚ Ã‹Å" Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °, from which technique and technology evolved), implied subjection to rules. Poetry (from  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ã†â€™Ã…  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼ to make) was an exception, although it was limited only to  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™Ã…  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ã‹â€  (poetry) and to the  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ã…  Ã‚ Ã… ¡Ã‚ Ã‹â€  (poet, or maker) who made it, rather than to art in general. The reason was that art was considered an imitation of what already exists, â€Å"the making of things, according to rules†, hence subjection to laws and rules. In painting, music, or literature, there was no freedom. They were governed by what was known as ÃŽÂ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ (the laws). This conservative attitude and need for subjection prevailed in the works of Plato who claimed, mainly in Timaeus, Dialogue of Ion, and in The Republic, that a good work is contingent on observing an eternal model as suggested by Nature, and never deviate from that model. The eternal models were within reach, in the surrounding world, of which artists were the imitators. They thus had to abide by certain rules. In the visual arts, freedom was curtailed by the proportions that Polyclitus had established for the human frame. He called them â€Å"the canon† (meaning, measure). Likewise, in music, no freedom was necessary because melodies for ceremonies and entertainme nt were known. They were prescribed as nomoi. Making of things according to rules, or à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·, was not considered to contain any creativity at all. In fact, if they had contained creativity, the state of affairs would be considered bad by the Greek standards of that time: Something similar to the negative perception of creative accounting nowadays [Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 244]. Man ought to discover the laws of Nature and abide by them. Seeking freedom of action unnecessarily distracts him from seeking the optimum way. In Ancient Greece the artist was not an inventor, he was a discoverer [Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 245]. It means that he had to study the laws of Nature, discover and see how related entities interact, and use them as a model. This world-view had its own justification. Nature is both perfect and subject to laws. The artists ambition must be to discover these laws and submit to them, rather than seek the distracting freedom from these laws, a freedom that would deflect him from attaining the optimal state. Poetry stood outside these limitations. The poet invented a whole new world and gave it life. The poet differed from the artist, the imitator, in that laws did not bind him. In spite of the absence of the term for creativity, creation, or the creator, the poet, and only the poet, was understood to be a creator.According to the Greek view, the poet was an inventor, i. e. he put together unrelated entities and let them interact in an arbitrary manner. This is what made poetry the only exception from the rules applying to art. In terms of truthfulness of this world-view, Aristotle, who established the term truth, was not sure whether poetry required adherence to truth, i. e. whether it imitated Nature. He thought that poetry was in the realm that was neither true nor false [Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 245-6]. The concepts of imagination and inspiration, too, were restricted to poetry only. Poets were seen differently and they saw things differently. But not everybody was reconciled with this restriction. An example can be found in the Odyssey, where a question is posed why the singer should be forbidden to entertain his listeners with singing as he himself will. Yet, even in this rigid environment of dogmas, some progress took place. Thus, in the 3rd century, Porphyry of Tyros graphically visualized the concept categories of Aristotle. In the 4thcentury of the Christian era, Pappus of Alexandria searched for a science of invention. He named his techniques â€Å"heuristics†. Antique Rome The Roman civilization developed from the Greek civilization. It was younger, thus more progressive and more exploratory than was the civilization of Greece. Therefore, things were seen in a different light in Rome, and the Greek concepts were viewed as partially outdated. To begin with, the vocabulary was enriched with new concepts, which shook up the foundations of the Greek thought. This effort happened to follow two counter-directions. on the one hand, Cicero wrote that art embraces those things â€Å"which are known† (â€Å"quae sciuntur†) [Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 245]. Horace, on the other hand, elevated painters to the level of poets in giving them the privilege of daring whatever they pleased (â€Å"quod libet audendi†), instead of following the â€Å"eternal model†. Moreover, in the declining period of antiquity, Lucius Flavius Philostratus discovered a similarity between poetry and art, and found that art and poetry have imagination in common. Cal listratos expanded these ideas by stating that as much as the art of the poets and writers of prosaic literature is inspired, so are the hands of sculptors. They, too, are gifted with the blessing of divine inspiration. The novelty of these postulates follows from the fact that Greeks had applied the concepts of imagination and inspiration to poetry only, but not to the visual arts. The Greek language had no word for creating, whereas Latin had. Creare and facere were two Latin words corresponding to the Greek à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Yet, initially the two Latin terms had almost the same meaning (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 246), and were thus interchangeable. Christianity Under medieval Christianity, the Latin â€Å"creatio† came to designate Gods act of â€Å"creatio ex nihilo† (i.e. creation from nothing). â€Å"Creatio† thus no longer could apply to human activities. Its meaning differed from the meaning of â€Å"facere† (to make). Applied to human activities, facere was the only word to be used. Cassiodorus, the important statesman and writer of the 6th century, explained that things made and created differ, because we can make but cannot create. His important works on this topic, written after his retirement, include De anima (published 540), Institutiones Divinarum et Saecularium Litterarum (published probably 543-555), and De Artibus ac Disciplinis Liberalium Litterarum [Tatarkiewicz 1980, p. 247]. This more or less â€Å"secular† interpretation of creativity collided with the archaic views of some Christian writers. To begin with, they believed that art did not belong to the realm of creativity. In this respect they had the same belief as the Greeks. Medieval Christian writers granted no exception to poetry. They claimed that poetry had to follow its rules. Therefore it was an art, i. e. a craft rather than a creative activity. The dominant figure among these writers was St. Augustine, a personality whose works are of interest even today. He is claimed to have used the word imagination as a precursor to creativity. Imagination, according to St. Augustine comprised disposition, multiplication, reduction, extension, ordering, any kind of re-composition of images, etc. (Rodari, 1983). These very same components of â€Å"imagination† are used even today [Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 247]. Further changes were recorded in the Middle Ages: poetrys exceptional status was gradually revoked, because poetry had its rules. It was thus regarded as an art, i. e. a craft, rather than creativity. The new, religious interpretation of the expression notwithstanding, the opinion that art is not related to creativity persisted. The works of two influential early Christian writers, Pseudo-Dionysius and St. Augustine, prove it. The same can be said the works of Hraban the Moor and Robert Grosseteste, in the 13th century. Renaissance There are two periods in European history, called the Renaissance. The first one is the 12th century Renaissance. It was a period of many innovative and creative cahnges during the High Middle Ages, such as social, political and economic transformations. Parallel developments in philosophy and science resulted in an intellectual revitalization of Europe. The second renaissance is the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century. Some historians claim that the changes having taken place in the Middle Ages paved the way to the Italian Renaissance, as well as to the scientific developments of the 17th century. The French historian Jacques le Goff, an agnostic, argues that the Middle Ages formed an entirely new civilization, distinct from both the Greco-Roman antiquity, and from the modern world. The medieval achievements of the human mind and the human hands can only be related briefly. The First Rrenaissance . The most creative political acts of the 12th century were the founding of the Hansa in Northern Europe (along the southern shore of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, with a few excursions deeper into Central Europe), the Crusades, the rise of towns, and the rise of the early bureaucratic states. In the cultural sphere the vernaculars began to replace Latin increasingly, higher education became more prominent, with universities sprouting all around the European continent between the Atlantic and the Theisse river, the Romanesque art was gradually replaced by the Gothic art, the liturgical drama, and a European system of law was established. These changes are true milestones. In the arts, more emphasis was put on architecture and sculpture, while in parallel there was a revival of interest in Latin poetry and Latin classics. An outer expansion began in the late 13th century, when the Venetian explorer Marco Polo set out to follow the Silk Road to China. His doc umentary Il Milone made Europeans more aware of the Far East, which inspired many missionaries (Giovanni da Pian del Carpini, Giovanni de Marignolli, Giovanni di Monte Corvino, and others) to go east and spread Christianity. The greatest leaps of human knowledge were, however, recorded in science and technology. Since Ibn al-Haytham (also known as Alhazen, 965-1039) laid down the foundations of the scientific method, the emphasis was put on seeking truth. Science thus became a formal discipline, different from philosophy. In early Middle Ages, the Byzantine Empire, the most advanced culture of antiquity, suffered losses and a decline in its scientific capacity. Likewise, Western Europe, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, suffered a catastrophic loss of knowledge. This was partially offset by the efforts of Church scholars, like Aquinas and Buridan, who preserved elements of scientific inquiry. In that manner, by translating and imitating the works of Islamic scholars Europe could begin catching up with the scientific discoveries of the Islamic world, the Mediterranean basin, India, and China. The most important steps to Europes scientific recovery at that time comprise the following events: Development of the scientific method (Alhazen, Biruni, Bacon, and Grosseteste); Arithmetic and Algebra (Al-Khwarizmi); Differential calculus (Bhaskara); Mechanics (Avicenna, with a later contribution by Ibn Bajjah, also known as Avempace, Buridan, Galileo, Descartes and Newton); Optics(Aristotle, Plato, Galen, Euclid, Hero of Alexandria, Ptolemaeus. In the 10th century, Alhazen proved empirically that light propagates linearly;Robert Grosseteste developed a theory of optics based on the works of al-Kindi and Ptolemaeus. Roger Bacon expanded on Grossetestess theory and integrated Alhazens optics into it. Finally, Kepler was able to use the foregoing findings to develop the modern theory of optics); Surgery(Abulcasis or Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi developed procedures and instruments of modern surgery, such as the scalpel, syringe, vaginal speculum, etc.). In 1266, Theodo ric Borgogni published his Chirurgia, in which he advocates antiseptic surgery); Alchemy and Chemistry (The Jaberian Corpus, written in the 10th century by the Brotherhood of Purity (Ismaylia), the Summa Perfectionis, by Paulus de Tarento, the Secret of Secrets by al-Razi (Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi);Trigonometry (al-Tusi, Regiomontanus and Puerbach made these methods wider known in the 15th century); Navigation (the astrolabe and the portable compass, Peter de Maricourt); Accurate lunar models(Ibn al-Shatir; Copernicus is believed to have relied on al-Shatirs model); Incendiary weapons and bombs (flame-throwers, land- and sea-mines, and rockets). Among important technological accomplishments and developments, the following can be listed: The windmill, first mentioned in 1185 (England); Paper manufacture began around 1270 (Italy); The spinning wheel (13th century); The magnetic compass for navigation, and the astrolabe (toward the end of the 13th century); Eyeglasses, in the late 13th century (Italy); The Hindu-Arabic numerals introduced to Europe in 1202 with the book Liber Abaci by Leonardo of Pisa; The stern-mounted rudder, which can be found on church carvings. The philosophy developed in the Middle Ages was the Scholasticism. It is founded on a reinterpretation of the works of Aristotle, with further refinements by scholars like Avicenna, Averroes, Albertus Magnus, Bonaventure, and Abà ©lard. Scholasticism believes in empirical studies, and its practitioners supported the Catholic Church. Perhaps the most famous practitioner of Scholasticism was Thomas of Aquinas. His Philosophy of mind teaches that the mind of a newborn baby is a tabula rasa that was given the ability to think, and to recognize forms, patterns, or ideas through a divine spark. In the late Middle Ages, the rate of scientific progress declined significantly due to the decline of the Muslim empires and the Byzantine Empire. This situation lasted until after the Renaissance. The Italian Reanaissance. The Italian Reanaissance brought further changes into the mode of thinking and lifestyle of people. The Renaissance philosophy is that of Humanism, which perhaps is more a method of learning than a philosophy per se. An approximate, but generally accepted definition of Humanism is â€Å"the movement to recover, interpret, and assimilate the language, literature, learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome†. Unlike the medieval scholars, humanists would apply a combination of reasoning and empirical evidence in reading and appraising ancient texts in the original. Humanist education focused on the study of five humanities: poetry, grammar, history, rhetoric, and moral philosophy. Above all, humanists asserted mans genius and the ability of the human mind, which is unique and extraordinary. Humanism is more secular in some aspects, but it unquestionably developed against a Christian backdrop, particularly in the Northern Renaissance. That period gave mankind some outstanding theologians, all of them followers of the humanist method. They include Zwingli, Calvin, Thomas More, Erasmus, and Martin Luther. In particular, Dr Martin Luther must be viewed as the liberator of the human soul, with whatever effect it had on subsequent cataclysmic developments in society, science, business, and trade. Although the people of the Renaissance were well aware of their freedom and creativity, the term creativity was not established yet. It was not until the 17th-century that the word â€Å"creativity† was applied for the first time. The man behind it was Polish poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595-1640), also known as â€Å"the last Latin poet†. Sarbiewaski applied the term only to poetry. In his treatise, De perfecta poesi, he wrote that a poet â€Å"invents,† and creates anew (â€Å"de novo creat†) in the manner of God (â€Å"instar Dei†) (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248). Other arts, in Sarbiewskis opinion, do not create. They merely imitate and copy. Why Sarbiewski regarded creativity as something that only poetry could be associated with, thus excluding visual arts, follows from his opinion that arts (other than poetry) imitate and copy, rather than create, in that they assume the material from which they create is already available, and so is the subject. At the end of the 17th century Andrà © Fà ©libien (1619-75) called the painter â€Å"a creator†. Spanish Jesuit Baltasà ¡r Gracià ¡n (1601-58) saw art as the second Creator that complements nature. This formulation is reminiscent of Sarbiewskis formulations (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248). In the 18th century, the occurrence of the concept of creativity in art theory kept increasing. It was complemented with the concept of imagination. In Joseph Addisons opinion imagination â€Å"has something in it like creation†. A similar opinion was held by Voltaire (1740). These authors, however, equated only poet with creator (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248-9). Contrary views proliferated, too, particularly in France. Diderot worked with imagination, which he viewed merely as â€Å"the memory of forms and contents†, which â€Å"creates nothing†. It only combines, magnifies or diminishes. â€Å"The human mind cannot create†, wrote Charles Batteux. He, too, saw its products as displaying the stigmata of the model used. Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1715-80) and Luc de Clapiers, known as marquis de Vauvenargues (1715-47), proposed similar ideas (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 249). There were three reasons why they rejected the idea of human creativity: Creation was at that time reserved for creation ex nihilo. The latter was beyond mans abilities. Creation is a mysterious act. Enlightenment psychology, however, had no room for mysteries. Artists of that time age observed their rules. Creativity, however, seemed irreconcilable with rules. The third objection was, however, weak. Houdar de la Motte (1715) was one of the thinkers who suggested that rules, too, â€Å"are a human invention† (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 249). The philosopher Marsilio Ficino wrote that the artists work is the result of thinking it up (â€Å"excogitatio†). Leon Battista Alberti, the theoretician of architecture and painting, claimed that he preordains (â€Å"preordinazione†), and Raphael claimed that his ideas shape his painting. Universal genius Leonardo da Vinci claimed that it was his idea that determined how his painting was shaped, using shapes that do not exist in nature. Another painter, Raphael Santi, too, claimed that he painted according to his ideas. Giorgio Vasari claimed that nature is conquered by art. Paolo Pino, the art theoretician from Venice claimed that painting is â€Å"inventing what is not†. Likewise, Paolo Veronese declared that painters take the same liberties as they were poets and madmen. â€Å"A new world, new paradises†was what an artist shapes, maintained Federico Zuccari. Cesare Cesariano extended this to architects whom he considered â€Å"demi-gods.† In the realm of music, according to the Dutch composer and musicologist Jan Tinctoris, a composer was â€Å"one who produces new songs†. He thus associated novelty with a composers work. Writers on poetry were even more consequent. Capriano claimed that poetic inventions spring â€Å"from nothing†. Francesco Patrizi held that poetry was a â€Å"fiction†, â€Å"shaping†, and â€Å"transformation† (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248). The developments in the Renaissance science were as dynamic as in the arts. Science and the arts were intermingled, which manifests best in the works of Leonardo da Vinci. He made observational drawings of nature and anatomy, set up and conducted controlled experiments in water-flow and aerodynamics, systematic study of motion, and medical dissection. Leonardo devised principles of scientific research method in the spirit of holistic, non-mechanistic and non-reductive approach popular today. Leonardo deserves the epithet â€Å"the father of modern science†. The focus on the process for discovery, the scientific method, corroborated by influential proponents such as Copernicus and Galileo, is perhaps the most significant development of that time. This revolutionary way of learning about the world stressed the importance of empirical evidence, as well as the importance of mathematics, rather than highlighting a given discovery. Age of Reason In the 18th century, the Age of Reason and Change, the concept of creativity appeared more frequently in art theory. Once again, famous personalities needed an ancillary concept to explain and justify creativity. One such concept was that of imagination. It was first used in 1712 by the English essayist, poet and publisher Joseph Addison. He published 11 essays on imagination in The Spectator. In one essay he claims that only the sense of sight supplies ideas to the imagination. He speculated about a congruence between imagiantion and creativity. By the same time, the famous French author and philosopher Franà §ois-Marie Arouet de Voltaire distinguished between passive and active imagination. On the latter he wrote in his Dictionnaire philosophique that â€Å"Active imagination is that which joins combination and reflection to memory. It brings near to us many objects at a distance; it separates those mixed together, compounds them, and changes them; it seems to create, while in fa ct it merely arranges; for it has not been given to man to make ideas-he is only able to modify them†. Voltaire continued: â€Å"This gift of nature is an imagination inventive in the arts in the disposition of a picture, in the structure of a poem.† Both authors thus indicate that poets are creative, and they equate poet with creator. Modern times The resistance against recognizing art as creativity, seen in the preceding centuries, crumbled totally in the 19thcentury. Now art gained recognition as creativity and, moreover, art alone was regarded as creativity. At the turn of the 20th century discussion of creativity in the art as well as in the sciences, e.g. by Jan Ã…Â ukasiewicz (Sinisi, 2004), and in nature (cf. Bergson, 1907) began. At this point concepts proper to art were applied to the sciences and to nature [Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 249]. There was, however, a long waiting time to the scientific study of creativity. The thinking of some modern time scholars will be expounded in the subsequent chapter. The beginning of scientific study of creativity is generally taken to be J. P. Guilfords address to the American Psychological Association in 1950. Many scholars joined in the effort to explore creativity in the years to come. They took a more pragmatic approach to this esoteric subject. As creativity became established as a discipline, scholars realized that creativity depends on being practiced. Creativity reveals itself in accomplishments and deeds, rather than in words. While a sound theoretical approach still was important, more and more emphasis was put on developing practical creativity techniques. Important personalities illustrating this approach include Alex Osborn, who in the 1950s invented brainstorming. In the same decade, Genrikh Altov, later calling himself Altshuller, came up with his â€Å"Theory of Inventive Problem Solving†, better known as TRIZ. In the 1960, Edward de Bono became famous after having developed his influential theory of â€Å"Lateral thinkin g.† These and other theories and techniques are expounded in more detail in subsequent chapters.